To overcome these difficulties, more sensitive and rapid methods for bacterial detection have been extensively studied. In recent years, applications based on biosensors, which are analytical devices that convert biological responses into measurable signals, have become increasingly widespread [15]. Such an application usually consists of three parts: (1) ligands attached to the surface of the biosensor to recognize the target through specific interactions; (2) a sensor that converts biometric identification generated on the sensor surface into quantifiable physical signals such as light, electricity, heat, and voltage, etc.; (3) a signal detector. Biosensors have become an important tool for the rapid, sensitive, and selective detection of microorganisms. These methods include biosensor-based electrochemical methods [16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25], fluorescence detection methods [20,21,22,23,24,25,26], and spectroscopy methods [27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39]. However, most of the biosensing methods require labeling of target objects for signal reading, which significantly increases the measurement time and cost. Moreover, the presence of dyes and labels tends to interfere with the normal physiological function of bacteria, which does not reflect the true state of the bacteria, especially in the evaluation of antibiotic resistance. Therefore, label-free methods are advantageous in rapid pathogen detection and drug resistance evaluation.
interactions 2 reading silver edition answer key
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